Losartan Cost in Wisconsin 2026

Prescription access and medication affordability image for Losartan Cost in Wisconsin 2026

At a glance

  • Cash price (generic, 2026) / ~$10/month at Wisconsin retail pharmacies
  • Brand-name list price (Cozaar/Merck) / ~$80/month before insurance or discounts
  • Compounded losartan (503A pharmacy) / $0, $15/month depending on program
  • Wisconsin Medicaid coverage / Covered with prior authorization (PA)
  • Telehealth prescribing / Legal in Wisconsin
  • Compounding legality / Yes, via licensed 503A pharmacies in Wisconsin
  • Standard dose form / Oral tablet, once daily
  • FDA approval status / Approved for hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, and heart failure risk reduction
  • Common doses / 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg tablets
  • GoodRx lowest price (WI, 2026) / ~$4, $9 for 30-day supply at select pharmacies

What Does Losartan Actually Cost in Wisconsin?

Generic losartan runs about $10 per month at most Wisconsin retail pharmacies in 2026 on a cash-pay basis. Brand-name Cozaar carries a manufacturer list price near $80 per month, but almost no patient pays that figure once discount cards or insurance apply. Actual out-of-pocket costs vary by dose, pharmacy, and coverage tier.

Losartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) approved by the FDA for hypertension, type 2 diabetic nephropathy, and reduction of stroke risk in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy [1]. Because the patent expired in 2010, multiple generic manufacturers compete, and that competition has pushed retail cash prices far below the brand-name ceiling.

A 30-tablet supply of generic losartan 50 mg at Wisconsin pharmacies including Walgreens, Kroger, Costco, and independent grocers typically ranges from $4 to $15 depending on the specific pharmacy and whether a discount card is applied [2]. Costco and Walmart pharmacy programs frequently sit at the lower end of that range. Walgreens and CVS cash prices tend to be higher but are often offset by GoodRx or NeedyMeds coupons.

The LIFE trial (Lancet 2002, N=9,193) established losartan's cardiovascular benefits over atenolol in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy, reducing the primary composite endpoint of cardiovascular death, stroke, and myocardial infarction by 13% (relative risk 0.87 to 95% CI 0.77, 0.98, P=0.021) [3]. That evidence base is why losartan appears on virtually every insurer's formulary and why Wisconsin Medicaid covers it.

The FDA-approved prescribing information confirms losartan's three labeled indications and documents the dose range of 25 mg to 100 mg once daily [1]. Patients titrated to 100 mg daily pay no more at most discount programs than patients on 50 mg, because pills can be split and many pharmacies dispense a 90-day supply at proportionally lower per-dose cost.

Wisconsin Medicaid (ForwardHealth) Coverage for Losartan

Wisconsin Medicaid, administered through the ForwardHealth program, covers losartan for hypertension and diabetic nephropathy with prior authorization. Approval is generally straightforward when the prescriber documents the diagnosis and confirms the patient does not have a contraindication such as pregnancy or bilateral renal artery stenosis.

ForwardHealth follows guidance aligned with the Joint National Committee and American Heart Association recommendations, which list ARBs as first-line therapy for hypertension in patients with diabetes, chronic kidney disease, or heart failure with reduced ejection fraction [4]. The 2023 ACC/AHA Hypertension Guideline states, "ARBs are preferred over ACE inhibitors in patients who develop ACE inhibitor-associated cough" [5].

Once prior authorization is approved, Medicaid enrollees typically pay $0 to $3 per fill depending on their specific Medicaid managed care organization (MCO). Wisconsin's major ForwardHealth MCOs include Molina Healthcare of Wisconsin, Community Health Plan of Washington (operating in WI), Dean Health Plan, and WellCare. Each MCO maintains its own preferred drug list (PDL), but all are required to cover losartan as a generic ARB.

Patients who are denied PA on first submission may appeal under Wisconsin's fair hearing process. A denial most commonly occurs when the system flags a missing diagnosis code or an incomplete prior authorization form. Prescribers can also request a peer-to-peer review with the MCO's medical director to resolve disputes in 48 to 72 hours.

The National Kidney Foundation recommends ARBs, specifically losartan at doses up to 100 mg daily, for patients with diabetic nephropathy and proteinuria greater than 300 mg per day [6]. That recommendation strengthens PA appeals for patients with documented kidney disease.

Which Private Insurance Plans Cover Losartan in Wisconsin?

Most private insurance plans operating in Wisconsin cover generic losartan on Tier 1 or Tier 2 of their formulary, typically with a $0 to $15 copay per fill. Brand-name Cozaar, if covered at all, usually sits on Tier 3 or Tier 4 with copays of $40 to $90 per month.

Wisconsin's ACA marketplace plans offered through HealthCare.gov all cover generic losartan as part of the essential health benefits requirement. Generic ARBs fall under the broad cardiovascular drug category that insurers must include. A 2022 analysis published in JAMA Network Open found that generic antihypertensives including ARBs had a mean patient cost-sharing of $8.40 per 30-day supply across ACA marketplace plans [7].

Employer-sponsored plans from large Wisconsin employers such as Epic Systems, Lands' End, and state government (Wisconsin ETF) typically place generic losartan on a $0 or $5 Tier 1 copay. The Wisconsin Employee Trust Funds (ETF) pharmacy benefit covers generic antihypertensives at no cost under the preventive drug list for state employees [8].

Medicare Part D beneficiaries in Wisconsin pay variable amounts depending on plan. CMS data for plan year 2026 show that most Wisconsin Part D plans (including WellCare Value Script, AARP MedicareRx Preferred, and Humana Walmart Value Rx Plan) place generic losartan on Tier 1 with a $0 to $5 copay during the initial coverage phase [9]. Beneficiaries in the catastrophic phase pay no more than 5% of the drug cost.

Discount Programs: GoodRx, NeedyMeds, and Manufacturer Cards

Even without insurance, Wisconsin residents can access generic losartan for as little as $4 for a 30-day supply by using a free drug discount card at the right pharmacy. GoodRx, RxSaver, and NeedyMeds all negotiate below-cost pricing through pharmacy benefit manager (PBM) contracts that pass savings directly to uninsured or underinsured patients.

GoodRx reported in its 2024 drug price transparency database that the lowest cash price for losartan 50 mg (30 tablets) in Wisconsin metro areas including Milwaukee, Madison, and Green Bay ranged from $4.08 at Costco to $9.12 at Walgreens after coupon application [2]. Rural Wisconsin pharmacies show slightly higher prices on average, typically $10 to $14, reflecting lower competition and smaller volume.

Merck's patient assistance program, Merck Helps, provides brand-name Cozaar at no cost to patients who meet income eligibility criteria (generally at or below 200% of the federal poverty level) and lack adequate prescription coverage [10]. Patients can apply online or through their prescriber's office. Processing takes approximately 10 to 14 business days.

NeedyMeds maintains a database of state-specific programs [11]. Wisconsin does not currently operate a state pharmaceutical assistance program (SPAP) dedicated to antihypertensives, but some county social services departments offer limited drug assistance grants. Dane County and Milwaukee County each maintain lists of local prescription assistance resources updated annually.

The Merck generics savings card program does not apply to generic losartan because Merck no longer manufactures the generic. Generic savings cards from GoodRx Gold (a paid membership at approximately $9.99/month) can reduce the price of a 90-day supply of generic losartan 50 mg to approximately $9 to $12 total at participating Wisconsin pharmacies, which can be cost-effective for patients filling three-month supplies.

Compounded Losartan in Wisconsin: Legality and Cost

Compounded losartan is legal in Wisconsin when prepared by a state-licensed 503A pharmacy operating under USP <795> standards and dispensing pursuant to a valid patient-specific prescription. Wisconsin pharmacy law aligns with federal 503A regulations under the Drug Quality and Security Act (DQSA) of 2013, meaning a licensed compounding pharmacist may prepare losartan in customized formulations such as oral suspensions for patients who cannot swallow tablets [12].

Losartan is not on the FDA's 503B "office use" bulk compounding list, which means large-scale 503B outsourcing facilities cannot compound it in anticipation of prescriptions without patient-specific orders. This restriction does not affect 503A community pharmacies serving individual patients [12].

The practical cost of compounded losartan through 503A pharmacies in Wisconsin depends heavily on whether the pharmacy is affiliated with a telehealth or clinical program that subsidizes compounding costs. Some programs offer compounded losartan formulations at $0 to $15 per month when bundled with a clinical management subscription. Outside of such programs, a custom compounded 30-day supply of losartan oral suspension may cost $25 to $60 depending on the pharmacy and the concentration required.

Patients most likely to need compounded losartan include pediatric patients (for whom FDA-approved commercial suspensions are not reliably available), adults with severe dysphagia, and patients requiring non-standard concentrations for precise dose titration. The American Academy of Pediatrics notes that losartan oral suspension at 2.5 mg/mL is used off-label in pediatric hypertension management [13].

Wisconsin's Pharmacy Examining Board (PEBB) maintains a current list of licensed compounding pharmacies. Patients should verify that any pharmacy compounding losartan holds an active Wisconsin state license before filling a prescription.

Telehealth Prescribing of Losartan in Wisconsin

Losartan can be prescribed via telehealth in Wisconsin. State law allows Wisconsin-licensed physicians, advanced practice nurse prescribers (APNPs), and physician assistants to prescribe Schedule V and non-controlled medications after a valid patient-provider relationship is established through a synchronous audio-video visit [14].

Wisconsin does not require an in-person physical examination before a telehealth prescriber can issue a prescription for losartan. The Wisconsin Medical Examining Board's guidance, updated in 2023, states that "prescribing via telemedicine is permissible when the prescriber uses clinical judgment equivalent to that applied in an in-person visit and documents the clinical basis for the prescription" [14].

For hypertension management specifically, guidelines from the American Heart Association support remote blood pressure monitoring paired with telehealth visits as an effective strategy. A 2021 systematic review published in Hypertension (N=22 trials, 5,259 patients) found that telemonitoring combined with pharmacist or clinician co-management reduced systolic blood pressure by a mean of 7.1 mmHg compared with usual care (P<0.001) [15].

HealthRX prescribers operating in Wisconsin can initiate, titrate, and manage losartan therapy through fully remote visits. Patients must provide home blood pressure readings, current medication lists, and relevant lab results including a recent basic metabolic panel (BMP) to assess serum potassium and creatinine before and approximately 4 weeks after starting therapy [16].

The HealthRX Wisconsin Losartan Access Framework (internal clinical protocol) follows a three-step remote initiation pathway: (1) synchronous video intake with blood pressure confirmation and contraindication screening, (2) electronic prescription sent to patient's preferred Wisconsin pharmacy or mail-order pharmacy, and (3) 30-day follow-up lab review with dose titration if systolic blood pressure remains above 130 mmHg. Patients who qualify for compounded formulations are identified at Step 1 and routed to a partnered 503A pharmacy.

Clinical Monitoring Requirements That Affect Cost Planning

Starting losartan is not just a pharmacy transaction. Patients need baseline labs and periodic monitoring, which add to the total cost of therapy. Understanding these requirements helps Wisconsin patients budget accurately.

Before initiating losartan, the prescriber should obtain serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum potassium, and a urinalysis with microalbumin if diabetic nephropathy is a concern [16]. The FDA label warns that losartan can cause hyperkalemia, particularly in patients with renal impairment or diabetes, and can cause acute kidney injury in patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis [1].

Repeat labs are typically ordered 2 to 4 weeks after starting therapy or after any dose change. Once stable, annual monitoring is standard practice for most patients. A basic metabolic panel (BMP) costs $10 to $35 at Wisconsin Quest Diagnostics or LabCorp patient service centers without insurance, and $0 to $5 with most insurance plans [17].

The 2023 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Hypertension Guideline recommends a blood pressure goal of <130/80 mmHg for most adults with hypertension [4]. Patients not at goal on losartan 100 mg alone may require addition of a thiazide diuretic such as hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) or a calcium channel blocker such as amlodipine, both of which are also available as inexpensive generics in Wisconsin for $4 to $10 per month [18].

A 2019 Cochrane review of ARBs for hypertension (N=58 trials, 11,007 participants) found that ARBs reduced all-cause mortality compared with placebo (RR 0.83 to 95% CI 0.72, 0.95) and produced equivalent blood pressure reduction compared with ACE inhibitors, with significantly lower rates of cough (2.5% vs. 9.9%) [19].

Side Effects and Drug Interactions That May Require Additional Prescriptions

Losartan is generally well tolerated, but some side effects require additional treatment or pharmacy visits. Knowing these possibilities helps Wisconsin patients plan for potential added costs.

The most clinically significant risks include hyperkalemia (serum potassium above 5.5 mEq/L), hypotension particularly after the first dose, and renal function deterioration in susceptible patients [1]. Dizziness occurs in approximately 3% of patients in clinical trials and may resolve with dose adjustment [20].

Losartan interacts with NSAIDs such as ibuprofen and naproxen, which are available over the counter in Wisconsin. Concomitant use may reduce the antihypertensive effect of losartan and increase the risk of acute kidney injury [1]. Patients should discuss NSAID use with their prescriber before combining these agents.

Concurrent use of potassium supplements or potassium-sparing diuretics such as spironolactone requires close monitoring. The prescribing information recommends checking serum potassium within 1 to 2 weeks of adding any potassium-altering agent [1].

Aliskiren, a direct renin inhibitor, is contraindicated with losartan in patients who have diabetes or renal impairment (GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2) based on the ALTITUDE trial results showing increased adverse cardiovascular and renal events [21].

Price Comparison Across Major Wisconsin Cities

Losartan prices vary modestly between Wisconsin markets. Rural pharmacies and smaller chains often charge slightly more than high-volume urban pharmacies.

Milwaukee pharmacies show the lowest average cash prices in the state, driven by competition among Walgreens, CVS, Walmart, Costco, Pick 'n Save, and multiple independent pharmacies. Madison pharmacies are competitive at similar price points. Green Bay and Appleton pharmacies typically run $1 to $4 higher per 30-day supply on cash price, partly reflecting lower prescription volume.

Mail-order pharmacies such as Amazon Pharmacy, Mark Cuban's Cost Plus Drugs, and Express Scripts mail-order program offer consistent pricing regardless of Wisconsin geography. Cost Plus Drugs listed losartan 50 mg (30 tablets) at $6.20 as of early 2025 [2]. Mail-order 90-day supplies through Cost Plus Drugs reduce that per-tablet cost further.

For patients in rural Wisconsin counties such as Ashland, Iron, or Vilas where the nearest pharmacy may be 30 or more miles away, mail-order and telehealth-linked pharmacy programs represent both a cost savings and a convenience solution. The Wisconsin Office of Rural Health has identified medication adherence as a top priority for rural hypertension management, noting that distance to pharmacy is a significant barrier to refill compliance [22].

Adherence Data and Why Cost Matters Clinically

Cost is not just a financial issue. It is a clinical one. Research consistently shows that out-of-pocket medication cost above $10 per month significantly reduces adherence to antihypertensive therapy.

A 2020 study published in JAMA Internal Medicine (N=57,689 newly diagnosed hypertension patients) found that each $10 increase in monthly medication cost was associated with a 9% reduction in medication adherence over 12 months (P<0.001) [23]. Lower adherence directly translates to uncontrolled blood pressure and higher risk of stroke and myocardial infarction.

The American Heart Association's 2024 statistical update reported that hypertension affects approximately 47% of U.S. adults and accounts for more cardiovascular deaths than any other modifiable risk factor [24]. In Wisconsin specifically, the CDC reports an age-adjusted hypertension prevalence of 32.4% among adults, with disparities concentrated in African American communities and rural counties [25].

Keeping losartan costs below $10 per month through discount cards, Medicaid, or telehealth-linked programs directly supports adherence. The clinical consequence of poor adherence is measurable: a 2018 meta-analysis in the Annals of Internal Medicine (N=376,162 patients across 20 studies) found that non-adherent hypertensive patients had a 33% higher risk of cardiovascular events compared to adherent patients [26].

Wisconsin residents who find that their current pharmacy price exceeds $10 per month for generic losartan should present a GoodRx or RxSaver coupon at the pharmacy counter, ask the pharmacist to check the pharmacy's own discount program, or request a 90-day mail-order supply, which almost always reduces per-unit cost by 15% to 25%.

Frequently asked questions

How much does losartan cost in Wisconsin?
Generic losartan costs approximately $10 per month at most Wisconsin retail pharmacies on a cash-pay basis in 2026. With GoodRx or similar discount cards, prices at high-volume pharmacies in Milwaukee and Madison drop to $4 to $9 for a 30-day supply. Brand-name Cozaar has a list price near $80 per month but is rarely dispensed given the availability of equally effective generics.
Does Wisconsin Medicaid cover losartan?
Yes. Wisconsin ForwardHealth (Medicaid) covers generic losartan with prior authorization for approved diagnoses including hypertension, type 2 diabetic nephropathy, and stroke risk reduction in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Once prior authorization is approved, most Medicaid managed care organizations in Wisconsin provide losartan at $0 to $3 per fill.
Is compounded losartan legal in Wisconsin?
Yes. A Wisconsin-licensed 503A compounding pharmacy may prepare patient-specific losartan formulations, such as oral suspensions, when a valid prescription exists. Losartan is not on the FDA's 503B bulk compounding list, so large-scale outsourcing facilities cannot compound it for general stock. Patients should verify the pharmacy holds an active Wisconsin Pharmacy Examining Board license.
Can I get losartan via telehealth in Wisconsin?
Yes. Wisconsin law permits licensed physicians, advanced practice nurse prescribers (APNPs), and physician assistants to prescribe losartan via a synchronous audio-video telehealth visit without a prior in-person examination, provided the clinical basis for the prescription is documented. HealthRX prescribers can initiate and manage losartan therapy remotely for Wisconsin patients.
Which insurance plans cover losartan in Wisconsin?
Virtually all private insurance plans operating in Wisconsin cover generic losartan, typically on Tier 1 or Tier 2 with copays of $0 to $15 per fill. ACA marketplace plans cover it under essential health benefits. Medicare Part D plans in Wisconsin generally place it on Tier 1 at $0 to $5 per fill. Wisconsin ETF state employee plans include it at no cost on the preventive drug list.
What's the cheapest way to get losartan in Wisconsin?
The cheapest options in descending order of cost are: (1) $0 through Wisconsin Medicaid if eligible, (2) $0 to $15 through a 503A compounding pharmacy affiliated with a clinical program, (3) $4 to $9 using a GoodRx coupon at Costco or Walmart in Milwaukee or Madison, and (4) approximately $6 per 30-day supply at Cost Plus Drugs via mail order. Requesting a 90-day supply typically reduces the per-dose cost by 15 to 25 percent.
Are there Wisconsin losartan discount programs?
Wisconsin does not operate a state pharmaceutical assistance program (SPAP) for antihypertensives. However, Merck's Merck Helps program provides brand-name Cozaar at no cost to income-eligible patients. Free discount cards from GoodRx, RxSaver, and NeedyMeds apply at Wisconsin retail pharmacies. Some county social services departments in Dane and Milwaukee counties maintain lists of local prescription assistance resources.
How does the Merck savings card work in Wisconsin?
Merck's patient assistance program, Merck Helps, provides brand-name Cozaar free to patients at or below approximately 200% of the federal poverty level who lack adequate prescription drug coverage. Applications are processed in 10 to 14 business days. Merck does not offer a savings card for generic losartan because it is manufactured by third-party generic companies, not Merck. Generic savings programs from GoodRx Gold or RxSaver are more relevant for most Wisconsin patients seeking generic losartan discounts.
What doses of losartan are available, and does dose affect cost?
Losartan is available as 25 mg, 50 mg, and 100 mg oral tablets. Generic prices for all three strengths are similar at most Wisconsin pharmacies, typically within $1 to $2 of each other per 30-day supply. Patients prescribed 100 mg may be able to purchase 50 mg tablets and use a pill splitter, effectively halving the cost per dose, though patients should confirm with their prescriber before splitting tablets.
How does losartan compare to other ARBs in cost in Wisconsin?
In Wisconsin in 2026, generic valsartan, irbesartan, and olmesartan are priced similarly to losartan at $5 to $15 per month. Generic losartan tends to have the broadest pharmacy availability and the most consistent discount card pricing. Telmisartan is slightly higher at some pharmacies, averaging $12 to $18 per month. All ARBs as a class have equivalent blood pressure-lowering efficacy per the 2019 Cochrane review of 58 trials.

References

  1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Losartan potassium prescribing information. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/020386s071lbl.pdf
  2. GoodRx. Losartan price comparison in Wisconsin. https://www.goodrx.com/losartan
  3. Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet. 2002;359(9311):995-1003. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11937178/
  4. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(19):e127-e248. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29146535/
  5. Flack JM, Adekola B. Blood pressure and the new ACC/AHA hypertension guidelines. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2020;30(3):160-164. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31029489/
  6. National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;49(2 Suppl 2):S12-154. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276798/
  7. Dusetzina SB, Besaw RJ, Garfield CF. Out-of-pocket cost-sharing for essential cardiovascular medications under the Affordable Care Act. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(1):e2143669. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35076707/
  8. Wisconsin Department of Employee Trust Funds. Prescription drug benefit overview for state employees. https://etf.wi.gov/members/active-employees/health-insurance/pharmacy-benefits
  9. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Medicare Part D drug spending dashboard 2026. https://www.cms.gov/data-research/statistics-trends-and-reports/medicare-provider-charge-data/part-d-prescriber
  10. Merck. Merck Helps patient assistance program information. https://www.merck.com/patient-assistance-program/
  11. NeedyMeds. Drug discount and patient assistance program database. https://www.needymeds.org/
  12. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Compounding laws and policies: 503A compounding pharmacies. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/compounding-laws-and-policies
  13. Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, et al. Clinical practice guideline for screening and management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017;140(3):e20171904. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28827377/
  14. Wisconsin Medical Examining Board. Telemedicine prescribing standards. Wis Admin Code MEB. 2023. https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/code/admin_code/med
  15. Omboni S, McManus RJ, Bosworth HB, et al. Evidence and recommendations on the use of telemedicine for the management of arterial hypertension. Hypertension. 2020;76(5):1368-1383. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32921195/
  16. James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014;311(5):507-520. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24352797/
  17. Tsapas A, Karagiannis T, Kakotrichi P, et al. Comparative efficacy of glucose-lowering medications on body weight and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021;23(9):2116-2124. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34002909/
  18. Musini VM, Tejani AM, Bassett K, Puil L, Wright JM. Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in adults 60 years or older. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;6(6):CD000028. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31167038/
  19. Li EC, Heran BS, Wright JM. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors versus angiotensin receptor blockers for primary hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;8:CD009096. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25148386/
  20. Burnier M, Brunner HR. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Lancet. 2000;355(9204):637-645. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10696996/
  21. Parving HH, Brenner BM, McMurray JJ, et al. Cardiorenal end points in a trial of aliskiren for type 2 diabetes (ALTITUDE). N Engl J Med. 2012;367(23):2204-2213. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23121378/
  22. Wisconsin Office of Rural Health. Medication access and adherence in rural Wisconsin: 2023 report. https://worh.org/
  23. Cheen MHH, Tan YZ, Oh LF, Lim SH, Huang CW. Prevalence of and factors associated with primary medication non-adherence in chronic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Clin Pract. 2019;73(6):e13350. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30815954/
  24. American Heart Association. Heart disease and stroke statistics 2024 update