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GLP-1 Medicine

Evidence-based guidance on semaglutide, tirzepatide, GLP-1 access, insurance coverage, side effects, dosing, weight-loss outcomes, diabetes care, and real-world safety.

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2026-06-02latest review

What are GLP-1 medications?

GLP-1 medications are drugs that act like glucagon-like peptide-1, a hormone the gut releases after eating. The most common are semaglutide and tirzepatide. Tirzepatide also acts on a second hormone, GIP, which is why it is sometimes called a dual agonist.

Familiar brand names include Ozempic and Wegovy (semaglutide) and Mounjaro and Zepbound (tirzepatide). Liraglutide and oral semaglutide are also part of this class.

How do GLP-1 medications work?

GLP-1 medications slow how quickly the stomach empties, increase the feeling of fullness, and prompt the pancreas to release insulin when blood sugar is high. The result is reduced appetite, steadier blood sugar, and gradual weight loss.

What are GLP-1 medications used for?

GLP-1 medications are FDA approved for type 2 diabetes and for chronic weight management, and some have additional approved uses. The specific approval depends on the drug.

  • Type 2 diabetes (for example, Ozempic, Mounjaro).
  • Chronic weight management in eligible adults (Wegovy, Zepbound).
  • Reducing cardiovascular risk in some patients (semaglutide).
  • These approvals are drug-specific, so the right option depends on the goal and medical history.

What are the side effects of GLP-1 medications?

The most common side effects are gastrointestinal: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation, usually strongest when starting or increasing the dose. Less common but serious risks include gallbladder problems and pancreatitis, and these drugs carry a warning about thyroid tumors based on animal studies.

Semaglutide vs tirzepatide: what is the difference?

Both are weekly injectable GLP-1 medications, but tirzepatide also activates the GIP receptor. In head-to-head and trial data, tirzepatide has generally produced greater average weight loss, though the best choice depends on tolerability, cost, and medical history.

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Frequently asked questions

What are GLP-1 medications?

They are drugs that mimic the gut hormone GLP-1 to lower blood sugar and reduce appetite. Semaglutide and tirzepatide are the most common.

How do GLP-1 medications cause weight loss?

They slow stomach emptying and increase fullness, which reduces appetite and calorie intake, leading to gradual weight loss.

What is the difference between semaglutide and tirzepatide?

Both are weekly GLP-1 injections, but tirzepatide also acts on the GIP receptor and has generally produced greater average weight loss in trials.

What are the main side effects of GLP-1 medications?

Most commonly nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation, especially when starting. Rare but serious risks include gallbladder problems and pancreatitis.

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