Sexual health

Bremelanotide / PT-141: the research history.

Bremelanotide, also called PT-141, appears as a separate product and as one component of a tadalafil-oxytocin nasal blend. Route and study population are central to comparing its evidence.

106records matching the ingredient search

2connected formulations

6displayed publication records

How the research connects to the formula

The RECONNECT trials displayed here studied 1.75 mg subcutaneous bremelanotide in premenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. The trials assessed desire and related distress, which are different outcomes from an erectile-function measure.

A nasal blend combines bremelanotide with two other ingredients. The subcutaneous single-ingredient trial therefore describes a different intervention from the complete nasal formula.

Current HealthRX.com formulation map
Product	Listed formulation	Connected ingredient research
PT-141 (Bremelanotide)	PT-141 (Bremelanotide)	Bremelanotide / PT-141
Tadalafil / Oxytocin / PT-141 Nasal Spray	Tadalafil 50 mg/mL / Oxytocin 600 IU/mL / PT-141 2.5 mg/mL	Tadalafil · Oxytocin · Bremelanotide / PT-141

Publication history

When the ingredient appeared in the literature

The chart counts records mentioning the search terms in their title or abstract. It includes research beyond sexual health. Use the period controls to inspect the count.

2026: 7 indexed publications. 2026 includes publications dated through October 5. The earlier bars cover longer periods than the annual bars.

View the chart as a data table

Period	Publications
1900-1959	0
1960-1969	0
1970-1979	0
1980-1989	0
1990-1999	1
2000-2009	30
2010-2014	4
2015-2019	17
2020	6
2021	9
2022	12
2023	6
2024	3
2025	11
2026	7

Search query and data source

Source: Europe PMC’s PubMed-indexed records. Retrieved October 5, 2026. The index’s firstPublicationDate field supplies the dates and chart periods; it can normalize a month-only record to the first day of the month. Dates through October 5 are included. Counts can change as the index adds or corrects records.

TITLE_ABS:((bremelanotide OR "PT-141")) AND SRC:MED AND FIRST_PDATE:[1900-01-01 TO 2026-10-05]

Open this literature search · Download the data

Dated publications

Read individual records in context

The timeline combines selected references with a sample from the ingredient search. Dates use the index’s firstPublicationDate field; the PubMed record may distinguish an earlier online date from the print date. Written study notes appear alongside the records that have them. Other entries show the indexed bibliography and link to the paper.

Clinical Trial, Phase III · Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't · research-article · Multicenter Study · Randomized Controlled Trial · Journal Article

Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials.

Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Obstetrics and gynecology. PMID 31599840.

Study design: Two randomized phase 3 trials, 1,267 women randomized
What was tested: Subcutaneous bremelanotide 1.75 mg as needed versus placebo over 24 weeks in premenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder.
What was reported: The studies reported improvements in desire scores and distress related to low desire compared with placebo.
How it connects to the catalog: These are desire and distress endpoints in a defined population. The intervention differs from a three-ingredient nasal blend.

Read the PubMed record · Publisher record

Study comparison

Publication	Design and regimen	Reported finding	Interpretation
2019-11-01: Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials.	Two randomized phase 3 trials, 1,267 women randomized. Subcutaneous bremelanotide 1.75 mg as needed versus placebo over 24 weeks in premenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder.	The studies reported improvements in desire scores and distress related to low desire compared with placebo.	These are desire and distress endpoints in a defined population. The intervention differs from a three-ingredient nasal blend.

Questions that shape the comparison

Was the administered product an injection or a nasal preparation? What diagnosis and outcome were defined before treatment began?

Source records

Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials.Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA.Obstetrics and gynecology. 2019-11-01. PMID 31599840. Clinical Trial, Phase III, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, research-article, Multicenter Study, Randomized Controlled Trial, Journal Article.

Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder.Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL.Neuropharmacology. 2025-01-09. PMID 39793696. research-article, Journal Article, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural.

Bremelanotide. 2025-02-15. PMID 31369224. Review.

Should Bremelanotide Be Considered for the Treatment of Sexual Arousal and Desire Disorders in Men?Pfaus JG, Balon R.Journal of clinical psychopharmacology. 2026-04-10. PMID 41960633. Journal Article.

Goldilocks-Inspired Design of Mid-Size Macrocycles for Selective Targeting of Human Melanocortin Receptors.Merlino F, Jia L, Boccino I, Carotenuto A, Tammaro F, Santoro F, Thompson PE, Grieco P.Journal of medicinal chemistry. 2026-08-01. PMID 42340853. research-article, Journal Article.

Comprehensive characterization of bremelanotide acetate and its degradants by LC-HRMS/MS and predicting epimerization through computational modelling.Yuvaraaj VK, Sharma N.Analytical methods : advancing methods and applications. 2026-08-20. PMID 42485063. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Journal Article.

Research data assembled by HealthRX.com from the displayed source records, October 5, 2026. The atlas contains a dated literature search and selected studies; it is not an exhaustive systematic review.