Apomorphine: Research History & Formulation Comparisons

How the research connects to the formula

The displayed 2001 study was an open-label, uncontrolled dose-optimization study of sublingual apomorphine. It can describe what happened during that regimen, but its design does not provide a randomized placebo comparison.

The study’s apomorphine regimen and TEMPO’s four-ingredient formulation are separate records. Linking them lets readers follow the individual ingredient without assigning a single-ingredient result to the complete blend.

Current HealthRX.com formulation map
Product	Listed formulation	Connected ingredient research
TEMPO 4-in-1	Apomorphine / Sildenafil / Tadalafil / Vardenafil	Apomorphine · Sildenafil · Tadalafil · Vardenafil

Publication history

When the ingredient appeared in the literature

The chart counts records mentioning the search terms in their title or abstract. It includes research beyond sexual health. Use the period controls to inspect the count.

2026: 93 indexed publications. 2026 includes publications dated through October 5. The earlier bars cover longer periods than the annual bars.

View the chart as a data table

Period	Publications
1900-1959	75
1960-1969	83
1970-1979	1158
1980-1989	2997
1990-1999	2364
2000-2009	1690
2010-2014	637
2015-2019	537
2020	126
2021	116
2022	96
2023	95
2024	88
2025	95
2026	93

Search query and data source

Source: Europe PMC’s PubMed-indexed records. Retrieved October 5, 2026. The index’s firstPublicationDate field supplies the dates and chart periods; it can normalize a month-only record to the first day of the month. Dates through October 5 are included. Counts can change as the index adds or corrects records.

TITLE_ABS:(apomorphine) AND SRC:MED AND FIRST_PDATE:[1900-01-01 TO 2026-10-05]

Open this literature search · Download the data

Dated publications

Read individual records in context

The timeline combines selected references with a sample from the ingredient search. Dates use the index’s firstPublicationDate field; the PubMed record may distinguish an earlier online date from the print date. Written study notes appear alongside the records that have them. Other entries show the indexed bibliography and link to the paper.

Clinical Trial · Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't · Multicenter Study · Journal Article

An open-label, uncontrolled dose-optimization study of sublingual apomorphine in erectile dysfunction.

Mulhall JP, Bukofzer S, Edmonds AL, George M, Apomorphine SL Study Group. Clinical therapeutics. PMID 11558862.

Study design: Open-label, uncontrolled dose-optimization study, 849 men
What was tested: Sublingual apomorphine, with an optimization period followed by four weeks of treatment.
What was reported: The reported percentage of attempts leading to successful intercourse increased from the baseline observation period.
How it connects to the catalog: Without a randomized control group, the within-study change does not isolate the treatment effect from other changes over time. This was not a trial of TEMPO's four-ingredient blend.

Read the PubMed record · Publisher record

Study comparison

Publication	Design and regimen	Reported finding	Interpretation
2001-08-01: An open-label, uncontrolled dose-optimization study of sublingual apomorphine in erectile dysfunction.	Open-label, uncontrolled dose-optimization study, 849 men. Sublingual apomorphine, with an optimization period followed by four weeks of treatment.	The reported percentage of attempts leading to successful intercourse increased from the baseline observation period.	Without a randomized control group, the within-study change does not isolate the treatment effect from other changes over time. This was not a trial of TEMPO's four-ingredient blend.

Questions that shape the comparison

Was there a concurrent control group? Were outcomes recorded per participant or per attempted sexual encounter?

Source records

An open-label, uncontrolled dose-optimization study of sublingual apomorphine in erectile dysfunction.Mulhall JP, Bukofzer S, Edmonds AL, George M, Apomorphine SL Study Group.Clinical therapeutics. 2001-08-01. PMID 11558862. Clinical Trial, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Multicenter Study, Journal Article.

Tryptophan Supplementation Reduces Schizophrenia-Like Symptoms in Apomorphine Treated Rats: Role of D2, GABA, and Glutamate Receptor Expression.Nawaz S, Ali SB, Afroz R, Ikram H, Khan F, Haleem DJ.International journal of tryptophan research : IJTR. 2026-08-25. PMID 42656638. research-article, Journal Article.

Prenatal stress enhances vulnerability to apomorphine reward and affects 5HT-1A receptor sensitivity in adult rats.Ikram H, Zakir R, Tariq H, Haleem DJ.Physiology & behavior. 2026-09-11. PMID 42727904. Journal Article.

Efficacy and Safety of Inhaled and Sublingual Apomorphine for On‑Demand Treatment of OFF Episodes in Parkinson Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis With Exploratory Network Comparison.Pitton Rissardo J, Vargas Rojas JL, Aristizabal Marin J, Fornari Caprara AL.Clinical neuropharmacology. 2026-09-17. PMID 42757652. Journal Article.

Continuous apomorphine infusion modulates cortical hyperexcitability and abnormal plasticity in Parkinson's disease.De Bartolo MI, Marchet F, Pietracupa S, Cutrona C, Aiello F, Costanzo M, Leodori G, Vivacqua G, Conte A, Fabbrini G, Berardelli A, Modugno N, Belvisi D.Journal of Parkinson's disease. 2026-09-18. PMID 42758009. research-article, Journal Article.

Correction to: Device aided therapies in Parkinson disease: an expert view on apomorphine.Stocchi F, Ceravolo R, Colosimo C, De Pandis MF, Modugno N, Pilleri M, Tessitore A, Tinazzi M, Valzania F, Vitale C, Zangaglia R, Zappia M, Zibetti M, Antonini A.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2026-09-18. PMID 42754732. Published Erratum, correction.

Research data assembled by HealthRX.com from the displayed source records, October 5, 2026. The atlas contains a dated literature search and selected studies; it is not an exhaustive systematic review.